Cellular immune response cytokine expression during the initial stage of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection determines the disease progression to persistent lymphocytosis.

Abstract We have established experimental models of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection followed by progression to persistent lymphocytosis (PL) positive (BLV + PL + ) or PL negative (BLV + PL − ) stages of infection. Two out of six BLV infected animals developed PL + 4 weeks after BLV infection. One other animal became PL + late in the course of infection and three infected animals stayed PL − . These animals (PL − ) exhibited transient lymphocytosis 3–4 weeks after infection and sustained PL − lymphocyte counts up to 24 weeks after infection. Competitive RT-PCR analysis of IFN- γ mRNA expression revealed that peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of animals with PL + status developed by 4 weeks after infection had augmented IFN- γ mRNA expression 3–4 weeks after BLV infection. However PBMC of animals that sustained a long-termed PL − lymphocyte count had elevated IFN- γ mRNA expression 1–24 weeks after infection. Competitive RT-PCR analysis of IL-2 mRNA expression showed an increase in the levels of IL-2 mRNA in PL − animals. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) mRNAs expression were elevated both in PL + and PL − animals from 3 and 12 weeks after infection respectively. We suggest that early and extended expression of cellular response cytokines may delay the progression to PL + in enzootic bovine leukemia.