Rational design of HSNs/VO2 bilayer coatings with optimized optical performances and mechanical robustness for smart windows

Abstract For vanadium dioxide (VO 2 )-based smart windows, insufficient optical performances, including luminous transmittance ( T lum ) and solar modulation efficiency ( ΔT sol ), have always been the main problems hindering their practicality as energy-efficient windows, which have attracted numerous studies in recent years. However, the improved T lum are always obtained at the expense of ΔT sol , and vice versa. In this work, we report a controllable interfacial engineering strategy for the fabrication of multifunctional hollow SiO 2 nanospheres (HSNs)/VO 2 bilayer coatings with tunable optical performance and mechanical robustness on the basis of finite difference time domain (FDTD) calculation. The theoretical calculation predicted that the T lum of the bilayer coatings can be enhanced from 42.7% to 55.2% without sacrificing the ΔT sol . Surprisingly, experiments showed that not only the T lum of the optimized bilayer coating increased to 53.8% from 21.4%, but also the ΔT sol enhanced from 9.8% up to 17.2%. It is believed that the outstanding optical performance comes from the low refractive index of HSNs as well as good dispersibility of VO 2 nanoparticles. Moreover, the pencil hardness test, tap peeling test and sand impact abrasion test showed remarkable mechanical robustness of the bilayer coating, which makes it highly attractive for application in the windows of high-rise buildings.