Influencing factors and physiochemical changes of embryogenesis through in vitro isolated microspore culture in Brassica species

Isolated microspore culture (IMC) is a powerful single cell system with many advantages compared with other culturing methods for Brassica species. For nearly 40 years, numerous studies have explored the influencing factors on the isolated microspore process, the ability of microspore-derived embryos (MDEs) to germinate and develop into plantlets, and the process of plant regeneration in Brassica species. In this review, the influencing factors, changes in gene expression, and the physiological and biochemical changes during the procedure are discussed at length. Ultimately, this review presents a standard protocol to improve the efficiency of IMC in Brassica haploid and double haploid (DH) production technologies.