First absolute dating of Andean hunter-gatherer rock art paintings from North Central Chile

We report the first absolute dating for rock paintings by Andean hunter-gatherer groups. Analysis by Raman spectrometry of remains of black paintings from the center-north of Chile (30° lat. S) allows for the identification of carbon as the raw material. Radiocarbon dating situates these paintings between 1623–1431 BCE and 80–240 ACE, dates that are supported by other lines of independent evidence. These results are consistent with proposals that suggest the appearance and popularization of rock art in various places in the Andes for the temporal transect of 3000–1000 BCE. Finally, these new datings are added to the scant corpus of absolute dates for rock art that exist in South America.