Thermionic converters with planar electrodes for solar power and propulsion systems

Different versions of thermionic converters (TICs), as well as modes of operation, are considered with an emphasis on solar power and propulsion systems. Output power parameters of the TICs operating in the ignited, Knudsen and quasivacuum modes of operation are presented. Comparison of these operation modes are performed. The main components of thermionic converters: electrodes; metal-ceramic seals; and spacing systems that ensure high performance and long life are discussed.