Use of carbon black based electrode as sensor for solid-state electrochemical studies and voltammetric determination of solid residues of lead

Abstract For the first time carbon black based electrode modified with paraffin was applied as a sensor on voltammetry of immobilized microparticles (VIMP) approach for determination of lead solid residues in hair dye samples. The solid microparticles of Pb(II) (Pb(CH3COO)2(s)) immobilized into the carbon paste sensor containing carbon black and paraffin were firstly reduced at initial potentials and further reoxidized at around −0.60 V during anodic scan. Electroanalytical parameters as well as supporting electrolyte composition, and pH were also evaluated. An analytical curve in 0.2 mol L−1 phosphate buffer solution (pH 5.0) from 0.04 to 3.2 μg (R2 = 0.999) with detection and quantification limits of 4 and 13 ng, respectively, were achieved. The method was applied to quantify lead solid residues in hair dye samples without previous mineralization or complex sample pre-treatment. Besides adequate repeatability, stability and selectivity of the developed sensor based on VIMP features, the method using carbon black based sensor was considered advantageous comparing to the results recorded by a spectrometric method (relative error lower than 8%) from several analytical viewpoints.