Creating Tubular Structures from Tissue Spheroids via the Acoustic Radiation Force

A method is proposed of fabricating tubular constructs from tissue spheroids (conglomerates of cells up to 200 μm in size) in a nutrient fluid using the acoustic radiation force. The source of the acoustic field is a hollow piezoceramic cylinder with a resonant frequency of 800 kHz. Keeping the obtained structure at 37°C for 24 h fuses the spheroids into a solid tubular viable tissue construct.