Structural, electrical, and optical properties of (Ba1−xNd2x/3)TiO3 ceramics

In this paper, we report the obtention of barium neodymium titanate (Ba1−xNd2x/3)TiO3 ceramics with (0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.10) by the solid-state reaction method. Structural studies suggested a phase transition from tetragonal to cubic structure with increase in Nd3+ ion content, supported by Rietveld refinement method. Photoluminescence properties revealed that the introduction of Nd3+ ions created structural disorder by means of A-site vacancies and displacement of M–O bond leading to shallow defects. Optical band gap value calculated from ultraviolet–visible spectra decreased with increase in Nd3+ ion concentration. A drastic decrease in grain size of undoped barium titanate was observed with introduction of Nd3+ ions through scanning electron microscopic images. Dielectric properties showed a gradual decrease in the Curie temperature with increase in Nd3+ ion content along with pinching effect. Normal ferroelectric character was obtained within the doping limit. P–E hysteresis loop showed a decrease in remnant...