ately needed. Her conclusions offer nothing new, which is neither surprising nor disappointing. Given our global political realities, it may take a catas- trophe to permit the forging of new directions.

of the sick and wounded, prisoners of war and civilians. The Additional Protocols go beyond the 1949 Conventions, however, in that they attempt to regulate the conduct of combat operations. Additional Protocol I applies to international armed conflicts, and Additional Protocol II to civil wars and internal conflicts. The 1981 Weapons Convention was negotiated at a second conference from 1979 to 1980, and applies some of the language and principles in the Additional Protocols to specific conventional weapons. To further confuse matters, the Weapons Convention has its own Protocols I, II and III. (Only one of the papers published here-Professor Kalshoven's-actually deals with the Weapons Convention; in that respect the book's title is somewhat misleading.) Having read this far, the uninitiated should probably go no further; this book is not for them. After reading several of the papers, they will undoubtedly wonder how the various learned authors could be writing about the same Protocol. Three of the writers, while applauding some of the Protocol's provisions, nevertheless find themselves deeply critical of it in one respect or another; three others apparently believe that the Protocol is virtually above criticism. The other five essays deal with narrower issues, and cannot be categorized as either supporting or criticizing the Protocol overall. Turning to the last category of papers first, Brigadier Clarke, Lieutenant Colonel Glynn and Lieutenant Colonel Rogers offer a useful summary of the