Friction Losses in Bitumastic Lined Water Pipes

So little information is available upon the losses of head due to friction in water pipes lined with bitumastic enamel that it seems worth while to put on record the data obtained from a test made in Weston, Mass., in April, 1932, although the methods used were not well suited to accurate observations, and the short time available made it necessary to take many observations without waiting for stable conditions, so that adjustment of the observations had to be made. Individual experiments, therefore, are of little value, but the average results are believed to be significant. The only similar data which are available, so far as the writer is informed, are those reported by Elson T. Killam in a paper published in the Journal of the A. W. W. A. for October, 1932, describing tests on pipe in the ground, including 5,490 feet of 12-inch pipe, and 12,264 feet of 10-inch pipe. The coefficient in the Williams-Hazen formula was found to be about 150, in which the effects of fittings, valves and changes of direction are included.