Effect of bladder distension on doses to organs at risk in Pulsed-Dose-Rate 3D image-guided adaptive brachytherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the impact of bladder distension on doses to organs at risk in patients treated with 3D image-guided adaptive pulsed-dose-rate (PDR) brachytherapy (BT) for locally advanced cervical cancer. Methods and Materials Twenty-two patients who had previously been treated by external beam radiation therapy (EBRT), underwent BT treatment planning to a pelvic MRI (or a CT scan in case of contraindication) after their bladder was filled with 100 cc of physiological saline (full bladder). This was immediately followed by a CT scan after emptying of the bladder. A fusion of these two examinations was conducted, and the dosimetry was duplicated for the study with an empty bladder. Equieffective doses of 2 Gy per fraction from EBRT and BT of bladder/rectum/sigmoid colon/small bowel were compared. Results A full bladder condition was found to be non-inferior in terms of the bladder D2cc (a difference of −0.9 Gy; 97.5% CI [−∞; 2.6]), and it resulted in a reduction in the bladder D0.1cc ( p  = 0.038). Bladder expansion resulted in a significant reduction of maximum doses received by the small bowel, both in terms of the D0.1cc (51.2 Gy vs. 63.4 Gy, p p p  = 0.008). No differences were noted in regard to doses to the rectum and sigmoid colon. Conclusions Bladder distension with 100 cc of physiological saline can reduce maximum doses received by the small bowel without the alteration of the doses received by the other organs at risk during a 3D image–guided adaptive PDR BT for locally advanced cervical cancer. However, the maintenance of a predefined bladder volume is difficult to achieve with PDR BT, whereas it could be easily managed before each session in case of high-dose-rate BT.