Carotenoids as Functional Bioactive Compounds

Carotenoids are hydrocarbon compound consisting of conjugated double bond system responsible for the red to pink colors found in seeds, fruits and vegetables. Carotenoids are classified into two groups based on the presence or absence of oxygen molecule in their basic structure. They are widely distributed in nature. Their synthesis are via geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate through phytoene, followed by dehydrogenation, desaturation, cyclization, hydroxylation, epoxidation and oxidation. The unique chemical structure of carotenoids has contributed to several of their specific pharmacological activities including anti-aging, anticancer, anti-diabetics, immune modulating, anti-obesity, antioxidants, pro-vitamin, osteo-protective, cardio-protective and hepatoprotective properties. Several health benefits of carotenoids have prompted their inclusion in food and drinks to serve as nutraceutics and nutritional supplements.