Diagnosis, Treatment and Follow-up of Low-grade Ta Papillary Urothelial Bladder Neoplasms

Over the past 40 years, low-grade Ta papillary urothelial neoplasms have become a separate entity among the non-muscle invasive bladder cancers (NMIBCs). These tumours are characterised by a high recurrence rate, depending mainly on the number of tumours at diagnosis, but they rarely evolve into an invasive or life-threatening cancer. This has implications for the diagnosis, prognosis, treatment and follow-up of these tumours, which are clearly different from high-grade NMIBCs. This review provides recommendations for daily practice based on the latest European Association of Urology (EAU) and International Consultation on Urological Diseases (ICUD) guidelines.