Current State of Astrophysical Opacities: A White Paper

Availability of reliable atomic and molecular opacity tables is essential in a wide variety of astronomical modeling: the solar and stellar interiors, stellar and planetary atmospheres, stellar evolution, pulsating stars, and protoplanetary disks, to name a few. With the advancement of powerful research techniques—such as helioseismology and asteroseismology, solar neutrino-flux measurements, exoplanet survey satellites, three-dimensional hydrodynamic atmospheric simulations (including non-LTE and granulation effects), high-performance computing of atomic and molecular data, and innovative plasma experiments—the accuracy and completeness of opacity tables is being taken to an unprecedented level. The goal of the second Workshop on Astrophysical Opacities was to gather opacity data producers and consumers from both the atomic and molecular sectors to contribute to solving outstanding problems and to develop more effective and integrated interfaces. In this review we attempt to summarize the discussion at the workshop and propose future directions for opacity research.