Overview of Embedded Flash Memory Technology

This chapter is dedicated to comprehensively survey representative embedded flash-memory technologies from the memory-cell level to the system level. First, various types of embedded flash-memory cells are briefly overviewed in terms of cell structure, operation principle, and features in terms of characteristics and reliability . Then presented are the basic circuit-design techniques required in embedded flash hard macros under different design constraints from stand-alone flash memories. In addition, system-level design, which plays important roles for function enhancement to meet a wide range of requirements, is also covered. Finally, future prospects of eFlash-memory technologies are briefly summarized.