Ruminants, other than Giraffidae from the middle Miocene hominoid locality of Çandır (Turkey)

There are six Ruminant species at Candir, not including the Giraffid Giraffokeryx. The smallest one is a Micromeryx, a genus left as Eupecora incertae sedis, but its determination at species level must await full revision of the genus. A large rare form is provisionally referred to Palaeomeryx. Also rare is a new species of the primitive cervid Heteroprox, with antlers similar to the European ones, but with quite a different dentition. Bovids are much more common, with the hypsodont genera Turcocerus and Hypsodontus, and the more generalised Tethytragus. The ruminants provide no evidence for putting Candir later than Pasalar, but they reveal ecological differences, Candir Locality 3 being especially open.