Injuries in the femoral axis

Massive axial loading of the femur resulted in combined injuries of the knee, femoral shaft and hip joint. The type of proximal injury was dependent on the position of the femur in relation to the pelvis. When the knee was in the adducted semi-flexed position posterior dislocation of the femur occurred (3 cases). When the femur was in the neutral sagittal position a proximal femoral fracture in the cervico-trochanteric area resulted (20 cases). In the abducted femur central acetabular fracture-dislocation occurred (6 cases). With the first combination, the treatment was operative reduction of the posterior dislocation and internal fixation of the shaft as an emergency procedure. The femoral neck fractures were of a special type not encountered in low energy injuries. All femoral fractures were treated by internal fixation except for one neglected neck fracture. The central acetabular dislocations were treated either by operation or by traction. The results were good in 17 cases, satisfactory in 7 and poor in 5. One patient died of cerebral injury. The poor results consisted of one undiagnosed fracture of the femoral neck and two infected nonunions of the femoral shaft. Knee injury was the main component of two other poor results. Dissipation of the trauma energy in multiple injuries along the femoral axis apparently spared the femoral head, as avascular necrosis did not occur. Once the mechanism of trauma is known a high index of suspicion saves diagnostic mistakes. An active operative approach appeared to improve the results.