A-site perovskite oxides: an emerging functional material for electrocatalysis and photocatalysis

Catalysts for electrochemical and photochemical reactions play critical roles in energy storage and conversion as well as degradation of organic pollutants. Due to their unique structure, composition flexibility and high stability, A-site perovskite oxides are promising candidates in electrocatalysis and photocatalysis. In this article, we review the recent progress of A-site perovskite oxides as an emerging functional material in electrocatalysis and photocatalysis. Firstly, we summarize the different factors affecting the structure and composition of A-site perovskite oxides. Then, the performance of A-site perovskite oxides (bimetallic, ternary metal, multimetallic and oxynitride) in electrocatalysis and photocatalysis is systematically discussed. Particularly, the rational optimization strategies (such as doping, introducing defects, and surface modification) of A-site cation perovskite oxides (A = La, Sr, Ba, Ca, Ag, Bi, Na, K) are also described to further enhance the performance. Finally, we conclude the challenges and prospects of A-site perovskite oxides to improve the (electro) photocatalytic activity, conductivity and stability.