A PHYSIOLOGIC REDUCED OXYGEN PROTOCOL DECREASES THE INCIDENCE OF THRESHOLD RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY

Methods: Prospective, observational study of data from three NICUs: Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (CSMC), Los Angeles; Good Samaritan Hospital (GSH), Los Angeles; and National University Hospital (NUH), Singapore. PROP was implemented to keep oxygen saturation values by pulse oximeter (SpO2) between 83% and 93% (as described in Pediatrics 2003;111:339-345). The incidence of threshold ROP in the year before and the year after implementation of PROP was compared. Data from the transition year were not included in the analysis. Results: The incidence of threshold ROP decreased in each center: CSMC, 3.3% to 0.0% (3/92 to 0/88); GSH, 14.8% to 4.9% (8/54 to 2/41); and NUH, 6.7% to 0.0% (3/45 to 0/30). Overall, the incidence of threshold ROP decreased from 7.3% to 1.3%. (P < .05). The 95% confidence interval was 4.3% to 12% for the pre-PROP group and 0.05% to 4.76% for the post-PROP group. Conclusions: Physiologic hypoxia is the normal fetal state. Exposure of newborn premature infants to hyperoxia down-regulates retinal vascular endothelial growth factor. This arrests the normal retinal vascular migration and causes vaso-obliteration, the first phase of ROP. The hypothesis is that maintaining SpO2 values between 83% and 93% in the immediate postgestation life, combined with strict control of oxygen fluctuations, prevents the early vaso-obliterative phase and subsequent development of severe ROP. Significant reduction of threshold disease after implementation of PROP in all three centers supports the hypothesis.