Telomere attrition in heart failure: a flow-FISH longitudinal analysis of circulating monocytes

Cross-sectional investigations report shorter telomeres in patients with heart failure (HF); however, no studies describe telomere length (TL) trajectory and its relationship with HF progression. Here we aimed to investigate telomere shortening over time and its relationship to outcomes. Our study cohort included 101 ambulatory patients with HF. Blood samples were collected at baseline (n = 101) and at the 1-year follow-up (n = 54). Using flow-FISH analysis of circulating monocytes, we simultaneously measured three monocyte subsets—classical (CD14++CD16−), intermediate (CD14++CD16+), and nonclassical (CD14+CD16++)—and their respective TLs based on FITC-labeled PNA probe hybridization. The primary endpoints were all-cause death and the composite of all-cause death or HF-related hospitalization, assessed at 2.3 ± 0.6 years. All statistical analyses were executed by using the SPSS 15.0 software, and included Student’s t test and ANOVA with post hoc Scheffe analysis, Pearson or Spearman rho correlation and univariate Cox regression when applicable. We found high correlations between TL values of different monocyte subsets: CD14++CD16+ vs. CD14++CD16−, R = 0.95, p   0.1). Cox regression analyses did not indicate that TL or ΔTL was associated with all-cause death or the composite endpoint. Overall, this longitudinal study demonstrated a ~ 22% reduction of TL in monocytes from ambulatory patients with HF within 1 year. TL and ΔTL were not related to outcomes over long-term follow-up.