Recombinant Fabs of Human Monoclonal Antibodies Specific to the Middle Epitope of GAD65 Inhibit Type 1 Diabetes–Specific GAD65Abs

Autoantibodies to the 65-kDa isoform of GAD (GAD65Abs) are associated with type 1 diabetes development, but the conformational nature of the GAD65Ab epitopes complicates the evaluation of disease risk. Six GAD65-specific recombinant Fabs (rFabs) were cloned from monoclonal antibodies b96.11, DP-C, DP-A, DPD, 144, and 221–442. The binding of GAD65Abs in 61 type 1 diabetic patients to GAD65 was analyzed by competitive radioimmunoassays with the six rFabs to ascertain disease-specific GAD65Ab binding specificities. The median binding was reduced significantly by rFab b96.11 (72%) ( P < 0.0001), DP-A (84%) ( P < 0.0001), DP-C (84%) ( P < 0.0001), 221–442 (79%) ( P < 0.0001), and DP-D (80%) ( P < 0.0001). The competition pattern in type 1 diabetic patients differed from that in GAD65Ab-positive late autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) patients ( n = 44), first-degree relatives ( n = 38), and healthy individuals ( n = 14). Whereas 87 and 72% of the type 1 diabetic sera were competed by rFab b96.11 and DP-C, respectively, only 34 and 26% of LADA patients, 18 and 25% of first-degree relatives, and 7 and 28% of healthy individuals showed competition ( P < 0.0001). These findings support the view that type 1 diabetes is associated with disease- and epitope-specific GAD65Abs and supports the notion that the middle epitope is disease associated. These GAD65-specific rFabs should prove useful in predicting type 1 diabetes and in the study of conformational GAD65Ab epitopes.