Morphology and Chemistry of Parmotrema tinctorum (Parmeliaceae, Lichenized Ascomycota) Transplanted into Sites with Different Air Pollution Levels

We performed an experiment involving transplantation of disks punched from Par- motrema tinctorum lobes at 3 sites with different air pollution levels in Shimizu Ward, Shizuoka City, Japan. Lobule formation was observed in the clean site, while disintegration of the cortex was observed in the polluted sites where NOx, NO2, SO2, and O3 levels were significantly higher. In ad- dition, the amounts of atranorin were lower in the polluted sites than in the clean site, and they were lowest in the site where O3 levels were the highest during summer. The difference between the amounts of lecanoric acid was not statistically significant among the test sites.