Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis of Hematuria

Hematuria is an extremely common condition, and almost always requires a complete urologic evaluation. The urologist must have a thorough knowledge of the urologic causes of hematuria as well as the nonurologic causes. In this chapter we provide an overview of hematuria and discuss important aspects of the history and physical examination. We then discuss the evaluation and differential diagnosis of hematuria, including unusual urologic causes and the more common nonurologic causes of hematuria.