Tip of the tongue after any language: Reintroducing the notion of blocked retrieval

Abstract Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) states often entail a phenomenological sense that retrieval is blocked, but incomplete activation is more commonly assumed as the underlying mechanism. Bilinguals have more TOTs than monolinguals, and commonly report that one language feels less accessible after immersion in another although evidence for this is minimal. Kreiner and Degani (2015) reported Russian-Hebrew bilinguals had more TOTs for Hebrew words after watching a movie in Russian, and surprisingly, native Hebrew speakers who did not know Russian also had more TOTs. Aiming to replicate this work, 72 Spanish-English bilinguals and 72 monolinguals completed a similar protocol in Experiment 1. Bilinguals and monolinguals exhibited significant and similarly sized interference effects after watching a Spanish movie. In Experiment 2, monolinguals completed five conditions: (a) Russian movie, (b) Spanish with English subtitles movie, (c) American Sign Language movie, (d) Spanish movie without audio and instructions to copy movements, and (e) a non-linguistic control (playing Tetris). All but the last two conditions elicited interference (increased TOTs and reduced correct retrievals). We suggest that even a brief pseudo-immersion experience can interfere with lexical-retrieval in the dominant language possibly via whole-language inhibition, supporting notions of blocked retrieval, albeit not at the level of individual lexical representations as previously proposed.