Quantitative high-performance liquid chromatography photo-diode array (HPLC-PDA) analysis of benzophenones and biflavonoids in eight Garcinia species

Abstract Eight Garcinia species including seven edible fruits, Garcinia aristata , G. hombroniana , G. intermedia , G. livingstonei , the “superfruit” G. mangostana , G. spicata , and G. xanthochymus , and the wood of G. kola were analyzed using a validated high-performance liquid chromatography photo-diode array (HPLC-PDA) method. Three benzophenones, guttiferone A, guttiferone E, and xanthochymol, and four biflavonoids amentoflavone, fukugeside, fukugetin, and volkensiflavone were identified and quantified by HPLC-PDA with authentic standards to verify their identity. Garcinia intermedia (IC 50  = 60.1 ± 27.3 μg/mL) and G. mangostana (IC 50  = 64.3 ± 11.3 μg/mL) fruits demonstrated the highest antioxidant activity. The highest level of xanthochymol was found in G. spicata (70.50 ± 1.10 mg/g dry weight), while the highest quantity of guttiferone A was detected in G. intermedia (43.00 ± 0.30 mg/g dry weight), and thus was determined to be rich in total phenolic content.