Radiographic study of skin displacement errors in the foot and ankle during standing

The accuracy of skin markers for the prediction of skeletal locations in the foot and ankle was assessed using radiographs. The relationship between skin and skeletal markers was examined for three weight-bearing positions of the right lower limb: a 10° calcaneal inversion position, a neutral alignment, and a 5° calcaneal eversion position. Significant discrepanices in the respective locations of skin and skeletal markers were observed; however, it was not possible from the results of this study to recommend the use of particular landmarks in preference to the other locations employed.