Skeletal Cartilage and Bone Formation, Composition, and Function in Small Mammals, Birds, and Reptiles

: Cartilage and bone are the main skeletal tissues in exotic vertebrates and are distinguished by their cells and the extracellular matrices they produce. Differences in cartilage and bone formation and growth exist among small mammals, birds, and reptiles. A basic knowledge of cartilage and bone formation, composition, and function in small mammals, birds, and reptiles commonly kept as pets, and the major differences observed among species, is necessary to correctly evaluate and treat cartilage and bone lesions in these groups of animals.