Supplementation of Long-Chain Fatty Acids with lactating Mammary Glands and Beef Cow has Potential Benefits

G Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR) super family represents the largest protein family in the human genome. These receptors respond to various physiological ligands such as photons, odors, pheromones, hormones, ions, and small molecules including amines, amino acids to large peptides and steroids. GPCRs are involved in many biological responses and the target of around half of all conventional drugs. The physiological roles of Free Fatty Acids (FFAs), in particular, long-chain FFAs, are important for the development of many metabolic diseases including obesity, diabetes, and atherosclerosis. In the past half decade, deorphanization of several GPCRs has revealed that GPR40 and GPR120 sense the concentration of extracellular fatty acids. GPR40 and GPR120 are activated by long-chain FFAs. GPR40 is expressed in mammary epithelial cells and lactating mammary glands, and possesses strong proliferative and survival effects via an activation with unsaturated long-chain fatty acid. GPR120 is expressed in adipocytes and adipose tissues and plays an important role for FFAs-induced glucagon-like peptide-1. The objective of this review is to explore whether or not it is possible to enhance the yield of dairy milk and the quantity of fat marbling in beef by supplementing unsaturated The objective of this review is to explore whether or not it is possible to enhance the yield of dairy milk and the quantity of fat marbling in beef by supplementing unsaturated FFAs with lactating mammary glands.