Endoscopic hepatic resection and endoscopic radiofrequency ablation as initial treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma within the Milan criteria

Purposes The indication of endoscopic (laparoscopic and thoracoscopic) hepatic resection (HR) has been expanded in the past decade because of its low invasiveness. However, the indications of endoscopic HR and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) have not yet been determined.