Decellularized porcine cornea-derived hydrogels for the regeneration of epithelium and stroma in focal corneal defects

Abstract Purpose Hydrogels derived from decellularized tissues provide superior biocompatibility, tenability and tissue-specific extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Based on the preparation of decellularized porcine cornea (DPC), here we developed an injectable and transparent hydrogel for the regeneration of epithelium and stroma in focal corneal defects. Methods The DPC-derived hydrogel was prepared with N-cyclohexyl-N′-(2-morpholinethyl) carbodiimide metho-p-toluenesulfonate/N-hydroxysuccinimide (CMC/NHS) as cross-linkers. The characteristics of the hydrogel were analyzed and its cytocompatibility was assessed by Live/Dead and Cell Counting Kit (CCK)-8 assays. Immunofluorescence staining, quantitative PCR and Western blot analyses were performed to assess the relative protein and gene expression in corneal fibroblasts on hydrogel. The safety and efficiency of the hydrogel for repairing focal corneal defects in rabbit were measured by slit-lamp, anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT), confocal microscopy and histological analyses. Results The DPC-derived hydrogel cross-linked with CMC/NHS assumed favorable transparency, exhibited distinct mechanical properties and preserved the ECM components of native porcine cornea (NPC). In vitro experiments showed that the hydrogel maintained the phenotype, supported the proliferation and promoted the ECM synthesis of corneal fibroblasts. When injected onto rabbit corneas, the hydrogel rapidly covered, solidified and formed a smooth surface on the focal defect. Corneal epithelium was fully regenerated within 3 days. The thickness of the corneal epithelium and stroma was restored at 12 weeks after surgery without significant inflammation or scar formation. Notably, the hydrogel showed no harmful effects on the resident stroma and endothelium. Conclusions The DPC-derived hydrogel may represent a promising biomaterial for corneal epithelial and stromal regeneration.