Axion PbC ® Batteries: A Lead-Carbon Asymmetric Solution to the Charge Acceptance Limitation of Lead-Acid Batteries

As vehicle manufacturers adjust fleet performance to meet recent CO2 emission legislation, conventional valveregulated lead–acid (VRLA) battery capability is being pushed to its limit. Functions, including Brake Energy Regeneration (BER) and Integrated Stop-Start (ISS), are demanding High Rate Partial State-of-Charge (HRPSoC) performance that conventional lead–acid technology struggles to achieve. As emission regulations tighten and fuel economy targets increase, the efficiency demands of these micro-hybrid power systems (MHPS) are growing at a rate that significantly out paces advanced VRLA development. Furthermore, increasing the application of BER and ISS savings beyond complete stops, to lowspeed coasting conditions, requires battery-exclusive operation of a number of safety related electronic accessory systems, including power steering and anti-roll stabilization. Increased cycle life will also be required for these applications.