Sialic acids in gynecological cancer development and progression: Impact on diagnosis and treatment.

Gynaecological cancers are in the top 10 of most common cancers in women. Survival and outcome are strongly related to the stage at diagnosis. Therefore, early diagnosis is essential in reducing morbidity and mortality. The high mortality rate of gynaecological cancers can mainly be attributed to ovarian cancer (OC). OC is commonly diagnosed at an advanced stage due to a lack of proper screening tools allowing early detection. Endometrial cancer (EC) on the contrary, is mostly diagnosed at an early stage and has, in general, better outcomes. The incidence of non-endometrioid EC has increased in the last decade, displaying a shared tumour biology with OC and consequently significantly worse outcome. New approaches allowing detection of gynaecological cancers in an early stage are therefore desired. Recent studies on cancer biology have shown the relevance of altered glycosylation in the occurrence and progression of cancer. The aberrant expression of sialic acid, a specific carbohydrate terminating glycoproteins and glycolipids on the cell-surface, is frequently correlated with malignancy. We aimed to determine the current understanding of sialic acid function in different gynaecological cancers to identify the gaps in knowledge and its potential use for new diagnostic and therapeutic avenues. Therefore we performed a review on current literature focussing on studies where sialylation was linked to gynaecological cancers. The identified studies showed elevated levels of sialic acid in serum, tissue and sialylated antigens in most patients with gynaecological cancers, underlining its potential for diagnosis. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.