Fluid–solid transition in unsteady, homogeneous, granular shear flows

Discrete element numerical simulations of unsteady, homogeneous flows have been performed by shearing a fixed volume of identical, soft, frictional spheres. A constant, global, shear rate was instantly applied to particles that are initially at rest, non interacting, and randomly distributed. The granular material exhibits either large or small fluctuations in the evolving pressure, depending whether the average number of contacts per particle (coordination number) is less or larger than a critical value. When the coordination number is less than the critical value, the amplitude of the pressure fluctuations is dependent on the shear rate, whereas, it is rate-independent in the opposite case, signatures, according to the case, of fluid-like and solid-like behaviour. The same critical coordination number has been previously found to represent the minimum value at which rate-independent components of stresses develop in steady, simple shearing and the jamming transition in isotropic random packings. The observed complex behaviour of the measured pressure in the fluid–solid transition can be predicted with a constitutive model involving the coordination number, the particle stiffness and the intensity of particle agitation.