A Terahertz Molecular Clock on CMOS Using High-Harmonic-Order Interrogation of Rotational Transition for Medium-/Long-Term Stability Enhancement

Chip-scale molecular clocks (CSMCs) perform frequency stabilization by referencing to the rotational spectra of polar gaseous molecules. With, potentially, the “atomic” clock grade stability, cm3-level volume, and $4.3\times 10^{-11}$ under an averaging time of $\tau =10^{3}$ s while consuming 70.4-mW dc power.