Quantum digital signature based on measurement-device-independent continuous-variable scheme

Side-channel attack is a serious impairment for the key generation processing in the continuous-variable quantum digital signature protocol. Based on measurement-device-independent components, we present a continuous-variable quantum digital signature protocol, so that the topology removes the loopholes of the practical detectors and eliminates all side-channel attacks. Without loss of generality, we consider the protocol involving three participants, whom independently decides whether to send a quantum pulse or a local oscillator pulse to the intermediate station at any time window. What’s more, we propose to employ phase-encoding and state-encoding strategies simultaneously that performing once key generation processing can obtain twin signatures. We hope the proposed protocol could further improve the performance of quantum digital signature.