Modeling and simulation of the human cardiovascular system with bond graph: A basic development

A bond graph model of the cardiovascular system has been developed. With the model, changes in the blood pressure waveform are studied at different points in the systemic and pulmonary circulations, when exposed to a normal ventricular function. The waveforms thus obtained show a good model performance which reflects the actual waves, when compared with physiological human data. Wave reflection phenomena effects, capability in handling elements, addition of new compartments, and obtention of numerical data for spectral analysis are among the model features. These results and facilities offered by the "intuitive" and simple bond graph approach suggest its use, especially for life scientists, in the development of more detailed models for educational, research and clinical purposes.