Brown propolis-metabolomic innovative approach to determine compounds capable of killing Staphylococcus aureus biofilm and Trichomonas vaginalis

Abstract Propolis, a resin produced by bees, is widely used in industrial products, including food, cosmetics, supplements, and pharmaceuticals. Extracts (ethanolic and hydroethanolic) and fractions, yielded by accelerated solvent extraction methodology, were obtained from different samples of Brazilian brown propolis (BBP). They were evaluated for antioxidant capacity, antibacterial, antibiofilm, and anti- Trichomonas vaginalis activities. The metabolomics profiling was determined by LC-DAD-MS and an innovative application of statistical analyses (univariate and chemometrics) was applied to correlate chemical compounds with biological activities. Eighty-six compounds were identified, including phenylpropanoic acids, flavonoids, chlorogenic acids, and prenylated phenylpropanoic acids. Propolis-fractions killed about 93% of Staphylococcus aureus in biofilm (at concentration of 125 μg/mL), showed activity against T. vaginalis with MIC at 400 μg/mL and significative antioxidant capacity (IC 50 2.32–3.80 μg/mL). Propolis extracts and fractions did not show antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The prenylated phenylpropanoic acids positively correlated with both the antibiofilm ( S. aureus ) and anti- T. vaginalis activities, such as the metabolites artepillin C, drupanin, and baccharin.