Effects of ALS-associated TANK binding kinase 1 mutations on protein–protein interactions and kinase activity

Exonic DNA sequence variants in the Tbk1 gene associate with both sporadic and familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Here, we examine functional defects in 25 missense TBK1 mutations, focusing on kinase activity and protein–protein interactions. We identified kinase domain (KD) mutations that abolish kinase activity or display substrate-specific defects in specific pathways, such as innate immunity and autophagy. By contrast, mutations in the scaffold dimerization domain (SDD) of TBK1 can cause the loss of kinase activity due to structural disruption, despite an intact KD. Familial ALS mutations in ubiquitin-like domain (ULD) or SDD display defects in dimerization; however, a subset retains kinase activity. These observations indicate that TBK1 dimerization is not required for kinase activation. Rather, dimerization seems to increase protein stability and enables efficient kinase–substrate interactions. Our study revealed many aspects of TBK1 activities affected by ALS mutations, highlighting the complexity of disease pathogenicity and providing insights into TBK1 activation mechanism.