Dynamics of impulsive–compulsive behaviors in early Parkinson’s disease: a prospective study

Impulsive compulsive behaviors (ICBs) in Parkinson’s disease (PD) are debilitating disorders of repetitive, excessive, and compulsive nature affecting up to one third of PD patients. Objectives are to address clinical, psychiatric, and cognitive characteristics of ICBs and to define risk factors in PD patients in the initial motor stage, followed up for 5 years. We analyzed 106 consecutive PD outpatients at Hoehn and Yahr disease stage 1 and 125 healthy controls. The participants were assessed for the presence of any ICB using the current clinical criteria and underwent comprehensive clinical, psychiatric, and neuropsychological evaluations. The patients completed the same protocol at Years 1, 2, 3, and 5. ICBs were present in 21 (19.8%) PD patients and 13 (10.4%) healthy controls at baseline. Prevalence of ICBs increased to 29.2% at Year 5, significantly after Year 2. Multiple ICBs were present in 4,7% and 61.9% of PD-ICBs at the baseline and Year 5, respectively. ICBs resolved in 30% of cases (most often compulsive eating). Dopamine agonist treatment at the baseline carried five times higher risk of having or developing ICB(s) anytime during follow-up. We identified risk factors for compulsive eating (dopamine agonist treatment at baseline), hypersexuality (males), compulsive buying (depression and younger age), and punding (younger age and higher levodopa dose at baseline). Significant interaction of rate of motor progression and ICB diagnosis was shown. PD patients showed increasing frequency of most ICBs during the 5-year follow-up. Specific risk factors were identified for different types of ICBs.