Does neoadjuvant anti-PD1 therapy improve glioblastoma outcome?

Studies in melanoma and lung cancer indicate that shifting use of immune checkpoint inhibition from palliative stages to the neoadjuvant setting improves response rates and patient outcomes. Three studies now show that neoadjuvant programmed cell death 1 (PD1) inhibition modulates the immune tumour microenvironment — but does this effect translate into a real patient benefit?