Petrology and geochemistry of Marion and Prince Edward Islands, Southern Ocean: Magma chamber processes and source region characteristics

Abstract New bulk rock geochemical data on an extensive suite of samples from the Marion and Prince Edward Islands, located in the Southern Ocean at ~ 37°45′E, 46°55′S, show highly coherent major and trace element variations. Rock types are dominated by alkali basalt, with lesser hawaiite and minor mugearite and benmoreite. Prince Edward Island has in addition rare trachytes exposed on the plateau, and xenoliths of comenditic rhyolite pumice were found in a basalt flow of the 1980 eruption on Marion Island. Lavas from Prince Edward Island differ from those erupted on Marion Island by having subtly distinct incompatible trace element ratios (e.g. Zr/Nb = 9.1 vs 6.7; Ba/Nb = 7.8 vs 6.7; Ce/Pb = 31 vs 36), and lower 87 Sr/ 86 Sr (0.70302) and higher 143 Nd/ 144 Nd (0.51300) isotope ratios than found on Marion Island (0.70336–0.70349; 0.51292–0.51295). The two islands are indistinguishable in terms of Pb isotope ratios ( 206 Pb/ 204 Pb = 18.61–18.75, 207 Pb/ 204 Pb = 15.54–15.56). Quantitative modelling suggests that the range in rock types found on each island can be ascribed to extensive low pressure crystal fractionation of phenocryst phases. For example, hawaiite can be related to the more primitive alkali basalts by some 24% fractional crystallisation of olivine, clinopyroxene, plagioclase and minor FeTi-oxides, whereas the more evolved mugearites and benmoreites require, respectively a further 36% and 24% fractional crystallisation to account for their felsic compositions. The trachytes of Prince Edward Island appear to represent the residual 28% magma following extensive crustal fractionation of dominantly clinopyroxene, plagioclase and FeTi-oxide with minor apatite. None of the sampled lavas have compositions characteristic of true primary magmas, but the least evolved, with Mg# ~ 63, appear to have experienced as much as 18% olivine fractionation from a primary magma with ~ 15 wt.% MgO. The rhyolite pumice is distinct in composition from Bouvet rhyolite or South Sandwich Island pumice and may belong to an earlier, submarine eruption at or near Marion Island. The enriched incompatible element ratios (Zr/Nb = 6–9; La/Yb n  = 10.6; Y/Nb = 0.73) and radiogenic 87 Sr/ 86 Sr and unradiogenic 143 Nd/ 144 Nd isotope ratios show that the lavas erupted on Marion and Prince Edward Islands resulted from melting an enriched mantle source, consistent with derivation from an upwelling deep mantle plume. Pb isotope ratios (∆8/4Pb ~ 33) confirm the absence of any DUPAL signature in the source region of these magmas.