Guidelines for creating systems

A review of the INCOSE literature on systems engineering has shown that publications in systems engineering especially in systems engineering education tend to assume the system exists and then go on from there. Hence there is a need for guidance on conceptualizing and creating the system. This paper, written for both educators and practitioners provides some of that guidance by introducing and describing an iterative holistic process for conceptualizing and creating a system and/or situation, and determining which elements of the situation belong inside the system boundary and which elements remain outside, namely the paper describes the S2 process in the Nine-System Model (Kasser and Zhao, 2014).