Femtosecond laser direct writing of three-dimensional micro/nanofluidics in porous glass

In this contribution, we show that 3D micro-/nanofluidic components with arbitrary geometries and configurations can be directly formed inside glass by femtosecond laser direct writing. We further demonstrate that nanofluidic channels of a width of ~40 nm can be directly fabricated in glass with linearly polarized femtosecond laser pulses, enabled by intentionally producing embedded nanograting structures with laser intensities slightly above a threshold value.