The appearance and duration of the Jehol Biota: Constraint from SIMS U-Pb zircon dating for the Huajiying Formation in northern China

The Lower Cretaceous Huajiying Formation of the Sichakou Basin in northern Hebei Province, northern China contains key vertebrate taxa of the early Jehol Biota, e.g., Protopteryx fengningensis, Archaeornithura meemannae, Peipiaosteus fengningensis, and Eoconfuciusornis zhengi. This formation arguably documents the second-oldest bird-bearing horizon, producing the oldest fossil records of the two major Mesozoic avian groups Enantiornithes and Ornithuromorpha. Hence, precisely determining the depositional ages of the Huajiying Formation would advance our understanding of the evolutionary history of the Jehol Biota. Here we present secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) U-Pb zircon analysis results of eight interbedded tuff/tuffaceous sandstone samples from the Huajiying Formation. Our findings, combined with previous radiometric dates, suggest that the oldest enantiornithine and ornithuromorph birds in the Jehol Biota are ∼129−131 Ma, and that the Jehol Biota most likely first appeared at ∼135 Ma. This expands the biota’s temporal distribution from late Valanginian to middle Aptian with a time span of about 15 My.