Dietary Sodium Restriction: Still Searching for the Grains of Truth

We read with great interest the review “Dietary Sodium Restriction: Take It With a Grain of Salt,” by DiNicolantonio et al. The authors point out the paucity of data linking dietary sodium restriction to reductions in cardiovascular events and provide an excellent and broad-based overview of many important studies. However, we want to raise several issues for comment. Theauthors conclude that“there is soundevidence that a low sodium diet leads to a worse cardiovascular prognosis in patients with systolic congestive heart failure..” This statement is basedon several studiesperformedbya single Italian research group, in which large loop diuretic doses (100-500 mg/d furosemide equivalent) were continued for months in outpatient participants regardless of clinical status. For reference, themean furosemide equivalent dose at hospital discharge in large North American and European studies is 50 to 80 mg/d, and discharge furosemide doses of 240 mg/d predict higher mortality even in the very ill heart failure population in the Evaluation Study of Congestive Heart Failure and Pulmonary Artery Catheterization Effectiveness study. In this setting, it seems difficult to conclude that low-sodium diets “caused increased mortality and heart failure hospitalizations” rather than the known neurohormonal and renal effects of high-dose diuretics in the setting of volume depletion. Abundant data from animal models and humans suggest that at least some persons would benefit greatly from dietary