Equity analysis of dynamic bike-and-ride accessibility in the Netherlands

This chapter analyzes spatio-temporal variations in job accessibility in the Netherlands, with a particular focus on bike-and-ride accessibility. This alternative incorporates cycling as both a potential access mode and an alternative to public transport. The accessibility provided by the bike-and-ride model is compared to the private car and the walk-and-ride model (public transport with pedestrian access and egress). In order to capture a more nuanced view of the accessibility conditions, the walk-and-ride and bike-and-ride models rely on general transit feed specification (GTFS) data to incorporate the temporal variability of public transport travel times. In the case of the car, speed profiles that account for network congestion are used. All three of these door-to-door potential accessibility models use temporally disaggregated travel time estimations in 15-minute intervals for 24 hours. From an egalitarian perspective of justice, the outcome of the bike-and-ride integration is explored. The improvements in accessibility are analyzed at the national and city level and Gini coefficients are used to measure the distributional impacts of the accessibility improvements. The main conclusion is that bike-and-ride is effective in providing better job accessibility for public transport users in the Netherlands. In doing so, it also reduces the distributional inequality of the accessibility provided by the public transport system and lowers the modal gap in accessibility between the car and public transport.