Enhancing the Programmability and Performance Portability of GPU Tensor Operations.

Deep-learning models with convolutional networks are widely used for many artificial-intelligence tasks, thanks to the increasing adoption of high-throughput GPUs, even in mobile phones. CUDA and OpenCL are the two largely used programming interfaces for accessing the computing power of GPUs. However, attaining code portability has always been a challenge, until the introduction of the Vulkan API. Still, performance portability is not necessarily provided. In this paper, we investigate the unique characteristics of CUDA, OpenCL, and Vulkan kernels and propose a method for abstracting away syntactic differences. Such abstraction creates a single-source kernel which we use for generating code for each GPU programming interface. In addition, we expose auto-tuning parameters to further enhance performance portability. We implemented a selection of convolution operations, covering the core operations needed for deploying three common image-processing neural networks, and tuned them for NVIDIA, AMD, and ARM Mali GPUs. Our experiments show that we can generate deep-learning kernels with minimal effort for new platforms and achieve reasonable performance. Specifically, our Vulkan backend is able to provide competitive performance compared to vendor deep-learning libraries.