Low-carbon transition of iron and steel industry in China: Carbon intensity, economic growth and policy intervention

Abstract As the biggest iron and steel producer in the world and one of the highest CO 2 emission sectors, China's iron and steel industry is undergoing a low-carbon transition accompanied by remarkable technological progress and investment adjustment, in response to the macroeconomic climate and policy intervention. Many drivers of the CO 2 emissions of the iron and steel industry have been explored, but the relationships between CO 2 abatement, investment and technological expenditure, and their connections with the economic growth and governmental policies in China, have not been conjointly and empirically examined. We proposed a concise conceptual model and an econometric model to investigate this crucial question. The results of regression, Granger causality test and impulse response analysis indicated that technological expenditure can significantly reduce CO 2 emissions, and that investment expansion showed a negative impact on CO 2 emission reduction. It was also argued with empirical evidence that a good economic situation favored CO 2 abatement in China's iron and steel industry, while achieving CO 2 emission reduction in this industrial sector did not necessarily threaten economic growth. This shed light on the dispute over balancing emission cutting and economic growth. Regarding the policy aspects, the year 2000 was found to be an important turning point for policy evolution and the development of the iron and steel industry in China. The subsequent command and control policies had a significant, positive effect on CO 2 abatement.