An overview of plant defense-related enzymes responses to biotic stresses

Abstract Plants are the ecosystem's primary source and have a direct or indirect impact on human life. Pathogens and insect's interference into the plants contribute to enormous losses in yield and productivity. Pathogens that can invade plants capable of recognizing and responding to their attack by activating security systems. This activation requires signal transmission from the receptor to the cell gene. Recently, signal molecules have been discovered that are involved in signal transmission induced in response to biological stresses. Accumulated data indicate the presence of a dynamic and well-integrated bio-signal mechanism in plant cells. Controls plant defense responses to these net pathogen attacks.