The Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of D-Ring-Modified Vitamin D Analogues

The vitamin D3 structure consists of the A-ring, a linker originating from the B-ring, C-ring, D-ring, and side-chain moieties. Each unit has its unique role in expressing the biological activities of vitamin D3. Many efforts have been made to date to assess the possible clinical use of vitamin D. Some organic chemists focused on the D-ring structure of vitamin D and synthesized D-ring-modified vitamin D analogues, and their biological activities were studied. This review summarizes the synthetic methodologies of D-ring-modified vitamin D analogues, except for seco-D, and their preliminary biological profiles.